Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable and Uncountable Nouns will be discuss here
Dear students or anyone who ask this type of part of speech that is noun. People must be asking about this noun. So, here is a simple explaination around this noun.
Well, now; I am going to discuss Countable and Uncountable Nouns. Based on Cambridge Advanced-Learner's Dictionary, a countable noun can be used with 'a' or 'an' and can be made plural. It says that we can add 'a' or 'an' proceed the word that is as a noun. Let's say that "I have a pencil." In that sentence, can we find the noun? Well, it is obviously that the word 'pencil' is a noun. So that I write in the example "I have a pencil". Let's take a look in the other example. An example of a countable noun is 'table', and an example of an uncountable noun is 'money' such as John has a new table and I have money. There is a sample word that can be used as a comparison words in the case of countable and uncountable noun. In brief, Cambridge's dictionary tell us the simple definition of countable.
An uncountable noun is not used with 'a' or 'an' and cannot be made plural. As the example above, we can see that one of the sample word is ‘money’. We cannot say I have a money. Well, that’s simple one I think but we need to take this seriously. Words like 'electricity', 'blood' and 'happiness' are uncountable - we cannot say 'two electricities', 'a lot of bloods' or 'many happinesses' - and they are marked [U] in the dictionary. 
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The Use of Paralinguistic Features in Non-Verbal Communication

Abstract
The title of this study is “The Use of Paralinguistic Features in Non-Verbal Communication”. The purposes of this paper are to describe the definition of verbal and non-verbal communication, to describe paralinguistic features and its features. The study of this paper can be concluded as follow: a) both of verbal and non-verbal language is necessary in communication activity, non-verbal language is more important because it is useful to support the communication means, b) the term of paralinguistic features is non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion include gesture, facial expression, intonation, and body posture, c) the reasons for using paralinguistic features are modifying speech, replacing speech, controlling conversation, and expressing emotion, d) the use of paralinguistic features are express emotion, express interpersonal attitudes, speech companion, and greeting. From the study of this paper, the writer is expected that it will give some significant points for the linguist and the reader.
Keywords: Verbal and non-verbal communication, paralinguistic features, gestures, facial expression, intonation and pitch, and body posture.



INTRODUCTION
In society, human often use language as the way to communicate and understanding each other human. Language which is the way to deliver message in communication has an important role in human communication. Language is the way to reach some purposes of human usually used in many contexts. Language is also not a spoken language that is used every human in the world or non-spoken language. In other word, human make communication not only in spoken languages, but also they use non-spoken languages.
In learning linguistic, there is a term which called paralanguage. Paralanguage is not generally language and it is not like a spoken utterance that speaks by human in daily activities. According to Traunmuller (2005: 653)
Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously, and it includes the pitch, volume, and, in some cases, intonation of speech.
This means that paralinguistic can show the expression of human when they are talking each other. This can also develop its spoken language to be understood. Therefore, paralinguistic involves the study of the form of communication behavior that used by human or non-human to communicate each human or non-human.
Even though language is the important thing in communication, but paralinguistic is also the important thing in communication. Paralinguistic has some features or sign language that very necessary. The simplest definition of paralinguistic features is that they are those features of the spoken language found outside the actual sounds being made. Paralinguistic features such as gesture, facial expression, intonation and body movement or body posture are non-verbal elements that have meaning in communication and also have an important role in communication. 
Human usually makes communication among one people and the other one people. Communication is not only speaking activities, but also there is the expression that shows about what they said. In human communication, he or she not only use the oral speaking in conversation activities, but also he or she use non-verbal communication such as gesture and facial expression that it is the dominant communication. Human communication delivered by words and expressions that support what he or she wants to say.
Communication is the way to understand about what messages that delivered by human. Therefore, communication is as a social interaction where there are at least two communicators share the ideas and the opinion itself. Thus, the form of communication can be divided into two, namely verbal and non-verbal communication said Subhan (2004: 63). This means that communication formed by a spoken language using words and a movement as the process to deliver the meaning.
In communication, there is a spoken language or the aspects of spoken communication that use words. It is called verbal communication. Verbal communication is used by human to deliver what he or she wants to say. According to Subhan (2004: 63), “verbal communication uses language such as English, Indonesian, Arabic, Javanese, etc”. Verbal communication is used by human usually in daily conversation. It can delivers about what is in his or her opinion by words to the other people of listeners.
Non-verbal communication is the process of communication to sending and receiving messages without words. Based on Barnlund (2008: 50), “non-verbal communication is a non-word human process (such as gestures, facial expression) and the perceived characteristics of the environment through which human verbal and non-verbal messages are transmitted”. Therefore, non-verbal communication is the dominant element of communication. It is caused that the most of communication involve gesture, facial expression, body language or posture, and etc.
As the above paragraph told, that non-verbal communication is the important and the dominant element in human communication. Wrench and McCroskey (2008) have defined non-verbal communication as:
Non-verbal communication is a non-word human process (such as gestures, facial expression) and the perceived characteristics of the environment through which human verbal and non-verbal messages are transmitted. It is called as silent language. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language, or posture; facial expression and eye contact.
In this paper, the writer decided that there are the most elements or features in non-verbal communication into four features, that is, gestures, facial expression, pitch or intonation, and body language or posture.
The first is gestures. In communication, it is impossible that human do not use gesture in its communication. Gestures are usually used in movement that intended to express meaning. Sumarsono (2002: 127) said that “gesture is the movement of body such as head, hand, finger that participate speech”. This can be meant that gestures include the whole of the body.
Facial expressions usually communicate emotions. The expressions tell the attitudes of the communicator. Facial expression is the way to show about the feeling of human. Smiling is the simplest example of facial expression. It shows that the person is happy, but if the smile is forced so it means that he or she feels shame. 
A spoken language usually supported by intonation and pitch that it shows the emotion about what the speaker or the communicator said. This means that the voice of the speaker goes up and down in tone at different syllables. The process or this activity is called pitch. Ramelan (1985: 31) said that pitch is when the whole syllable is said by using degree of lowness and highness of tone. In similar, intonation is like the melody of speech that stated by the speaker. 
Unlike intonation and pitch, body posture can be indicated by look at the appearance of someone. Body posture can also indicate about the degree of attention or the involvement of the communicator. Body posture can be meant as the way to move and how to carry his or her body to communicate the information to the others.
In this paper, the writer has decided several problems that would be discussed, in order to readers can understand what the writer meant easily, including; (a) What is verbal and nonverbal language? (b) What is paralinguistic feature? (c) What kind of paralinguistic features that used in nonverbal communication? (d) Why paralinguistic features used in nonverbal communication? And (e) How to use paralinguistic features in nonverbal communication?
By writing this paper, the writer expects that this paper may give the significance for the readers and also for the writer itself. Therefore, the writer describes some significances that will be taken in this paper. First, the writer can comprehend about verbal and non-verbal communication deeply; also it gives much understanding about paralinguistic and its features, and it can enrich the development of communication instruments knowledge especially in paralinguistic features. Second, the readers can also comprehend about verbal and non-verbal communication by read this paper carefully, and also the readers can get the understanding of paralinguistic features in non-verbal communication.

DISCUSSION
This paper discuss about the use of paralinguistic features that used in non-verbal communication. Therefore, in this part the writer will give the explanation about verbal and non-verbal language, paralinguistic features, the reason for using paralinguistic features in non-verbal communication, and the use of paralinguistic features.
A. Verbal and Non-Verbal Language
Since there were human that lived in the world, human has their own language to deliver the message to the other human. This activity is called communication. Human communication is a process where the information or messages delivered by a sender to a receiver by oral speaking and some expression. In order to the communication occur, the receiver is not only listening about what the sender explains, but also the receiver should give feedback to the sender. Therefore, communication can be divided into two; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication.
1. Verbal Language
Language is the way of human to interact with the other human. The process that occurs among them is called communication which makes the communication feel alive. Communication can be occurred if there are at least two interacting agents that share his or her ideas and opinion. In communication, there is a verbal language that used in human communication although there is the person who unable to speak.
Speaking activities of human which used language as the way to communicate with other human is called verbal language. Subhan (2004: 63) said that verbal communication is communications which use language to communicate such as English, Indonesian, Arabic, Javanese, Chinese, and etc. This statement means that the communicator should accompany by another communicator in order for the communication occurred and he or she must use language that delivered by speaking to make interaction among them which consist of words. Verbal language that includes information and communication means is content of words of spoken utterances intended to give the information and communication means to the receiver. Verbal communication involves content of words which often used in speech, greeting, dialogue, or conversation. 
2. Non-Verbal Language
In a face to face communication, there is a possibility that the information of the verbal content of spoken utterances from the sender to the receiver is accepted in a well interpretation. Therefore, the communicator in his or her speech is generally used the expressions and the voice stress in order to the conversation feels lively and interesting to hear. That is shown by the person who is the communicator by understandable signs which are not the parts of language.
In a communication, the most used of forms communication that human often used is non-verbal language. Non-verbal communication is the dominant element of communication activity. According to Barlund (2008: 50), non-verbal communication is a non-word human process (such as gestures, facial expression) and the perceived characteristics of the environment through which human verbal and non-verbal messages are transmitted. That means human often use the movement of the body in his or her speech. The expression of someone in his or her communication with other human is necessary, because it shows the feeling of the communicator itself. Without non-verbal communication, the speech of the person feels uninteresting to understand.
There are some of the uses of non-verbal communication, that is, expressing emotion, expressing interpersonal attitudes, controlling conversation, conveying attitudes, and etc. The simplest example of the use of non-verbal language is expressing emotion that is important to understand in non-verbal language. If there is no expression in communication, the receiver who receives the message by the sender can be able to indicate whether he or she feels in his or her feeling. Then, it also can indicate the attitudes of someone. This means that people cannot blame in its communication that indirectly they often use non-verbal language.
B. The Definition of Paralinguistic Features
Paralinguistic that refers to the phenomenon of communication is non-verbal features of spoken language. A spoken utterance which consists of words is verbal language, but in its speech there must be intonation and pitch that included in paralinguistic features. Paralinguistic features are the element language that important in communication. 
Sometimes, the term of paralanguage is used as a cues term for body language, which is not too important in speech activity, and paralinguistic phenomena in speech. That is phenomena that can be observed in speech but that does not belong to the conventional code of language. The paralinguistic features is play an important role in human speech communication. There are no utterances or speech signals that have a shortage in paralinguistic features, because speech requires the appearance of a voice that can be matched. This voice must have some properties, and all the properties of a voice are paralinguistic.
The study of paralanguage that refers to paralinguistic is non-verbal elements of communication are the way how human express his or her emotion and expressing attitudes of someone. Traunmuller (2005: 653) said that “paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion”. The definition of paralinguistic features is that they are those features of the spoken language found outside the actual sounds being made. Some of the common paralinguistic features are facial expressions, head movements, gestures, intonation, pitch, eye movements, and eye gaze.
C. The Type of Paralinguistic Features that Used in Non-Verbal Communication:
As it discussed before, communication refers to the way to interact with another human that at least two of interacting human. To communicate each human, he or she uses both of forms communication; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication.
Communication in any language is not only consisting of words, but also it consists of the movement and body language. It is intended to the receiver of speech get the information means. Verbal communication is not enough to make the receiver get the communication means. Therefore, there are paralinguistic features that used in non-verbal communication in order to make the communication either lively or easy to understand. Based on Wrench and McCroskey (2008) have defined non-verbal communication as:
Non-verbal communication is a non-word human process (such as gestures, facial expression) and the perceived characteristics of the environment through which human verbal and non-verbal messages are transmitted. It is called as silent language. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language, or posture; facial expression, and eye contact.
That is paralinguistic features which support speech activity of human. According to the above statement, the writer has his own opinion about paralinguistic features and non-verbal communication, that is non-verbal communication elements are rarely similar with paralinguistic features. There are four types of paralinguistic features that often used in communication, such as gestures, facial expression, intonation and pitch, and body posture.
1. Gestures
A gesture is a non-vocal bodily movement intended to express meaning in communication. Gestures may be articulated with the hands, arms or body, and also include movements of the head, face, and eyes. A gesture which is as the symbols or sign in communication has different meaning through the culture or religion. For example, Javanese bend over his or her back in order to give respect with the other person.
Gestures which used in communication involve the whole of the body. According to Sumarsono (2002: 127), gesture is the movement of body such as head, hand, finger that participate speech. Recently, human use gesture as the replacement of words. For example, when someone meets his or her friend, he or she always waves the hand to replace saying hello, goodbye, or greeting. In his book, Yule (2006: 173) said that there are three types of gestures; they are iconic, deictic, and beat. Iconic is a gesture that looks like to be a reflection of the meaning of what is said. The simple definition of deistic is that a gesture that includes of pointing something. And beat is a type of gesture that gives a direct movement of hands or fingers.
2. Facial Expression
Human can use his or her facial expression as a voluntary action which is used to express emotion. Even though expression is tied to emotion, it is usually shown indirectly by the communicator. It is also impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotion, even there is someone who be able to do so. However, expression is a natural emotion that can be shown by human naturally; it is unattractive if someone tries to avoid his or her emotion. In Wikipedia, “a facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the muscle of the face. These movements convey the emotion state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of non-verbal communication”. This means that a facial expression which is one of paralinguistic features occurs by the movement of the muscles in the face.
3. Intonation and Pitch
Intonation is very important because it makes speech more lively and interesting to hear. It can be easily imagined how boring of someone’s speech will be if he or she speaks monotonously without any variation of pitch in his or her utterance.
Pitch and intonation is also the important part in a speech. Pitch can indicate the speech whether it is prohibition or it is an order. Ramelan (1985: 31) said that pitch is when the whole syllable is said by using degree of lowness and highness of tone. The intonation of a sentence refers to the pitch levels used in that sentence. This means that the highest pitch which usually considered with the strongest syllable in the sentence is called the head or the center of the intonation. And also intonation can turn a phrase into a question without the need to restructure the sentence.
4. Body Posture
Body posture can be meant as the way to move and how to carry his or her body to communicate the information to the others. This type of nonverbal communication includes the posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements. Based on Wikipedia Encyclopedia, “posture means the intentionally or habitually assumed position, there are some body positions, it is, sitting, standing, squatting, lying, kneeling, and etc”.
D. The Reasons for Using Paralinguistic Features in Non-Verbal Communication
In this part, the writer wants to describe the reasons for using paralinguistic features in non-verbal communication. The first reason is that modifying speech. It means that non-verbal communication has a significant effect on what is communicated, the modifying includes positioning of body relative to other people and things, shape of whole body, movement of limbs, micro-movement of muscles, voice pitch, texture of voice tone, and speed of speaking. 
The second is replacing speech which means the communication can be done without speaking. For example, pointing with feet, legs, hands, head, or whole body, and gestures with fingers, hands, and arms. The third is controlling conversation. It means that Non-verbal signals are used a great deal in requesting, offering, and managing control of who is speaking. The last reason for using paralinguistic features is expressing emotion. This means that emotions are expressed through non-verbal communication, where the voice and body can tell a lot more about how he or she feels than words. In particular, if someone feels unable to express emotions verbally, his or her words and body language can easily conflict, sending messages that may be interpreted as stress or deceit.
E. The Use of Paralinguistic Features in Non-Verbal Communication
Whether under the control or not, everybody must use paralinguistic features in non-verbal communication. Paralinguistic that refers to the phenomenon of communication is non-verbal features of spoken language which used in every daily activity of speech. Therefore, the term paralinguistic is used to denote speech sounds signaling other information than linguistic, such as emotions, attitudes, age, sex, dialect, and socialist
Paralinguistic features is play an important role in communication. Therefore, Argyle (1988: 5) said that there are five primary usages of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication: 1. Express emotions mean that everybody needs to express his or her emotion in order to the communication feels interesting and also it makes the voice and body can tell a lot more about how he or she feels than words, 2. Express interpersonal attitudes also mean that non-verbal communication extends beyond bodily actions to anything that sends messages. This includes about who he or she is, and in particular where he or she can fit into the society, 3. To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners mean that the speech among the sender and the receiver feels interactive and lively because it makes the receiver easy to understand the communication means, and 4. Greetings can be meant that someone can use gesture as the replacement of spoken utterance in communication.

CONCLUSION
At the end of this paper, the writer concludes the content of this paper through the discussion that discuss about the use of paralinguistic features in non-verbal communication. From the explanation above, there are some points that can be taken in the main point of discussion. First, verbal communication is speaking activities of human which used language as the way to communicate with other human, whereas non-verbal communication is a non-word human process and the perceived characteristics of the environment through which human verbal and non-verbal messages are transmitted. Second, paralinguistic features is that they are those features of the spoken language found outside the actual sounds being made. 
There are four types of paralinguistic features that used in non-verbal communication; they are gestures, facial expressions, intonation and pitch, and body posture. The writer has found the reasons for using paralinguistic features in non-verbal communication. The reasons are modifying speech, replacing speech, controlling conversation, and express emotion. At least, there are some uses of paralinguistic features in non-verbal communication, they are express emotions, express interpersonal attitudes, to accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners, and greetings.

Bibliography
Books resources
Argyle, Michael. (1988). Bodily Communication (2nd ed.) Madison: International Universities Press.
Barnlund, D. C. 2008. Communication Theory Second Edition. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction.
Ramelan. 1985. English Phonetics. Semarang: IKIP Semarang Press.
Subhan, Bustami. 2004. Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, and Semantics. Yogyakarta: LPPDMF.
Sumarsono, Paina Partana. 2002. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Sabda.
Traunmuller, H. 2005. Paralinguistic Phenomena. Berlin
Wrench, J. S., McCroskey, J. C., and Richmond, V. P. 2008. Human Communication in Everyday Life. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Yule, George. 2005. The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press. 
Electronic resources
http://en.wikipedia.encyclopedia.com/body+posture accessed on December 8th, 2010.